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2016年2月14日 星期日

doubtful of跟doubtful about真的有分別嗎?


上一篇網誌有些地方解釋得不夠清楚,引致一些網友有所疑惑,所以今天先說一些補充資料以釋讀者的疑惑,然後才入正題。

有網友留言說在網上看到以下說法,似乎與我之前所說的有所出入:

If you really doubt that something is true (suspect it's false), use "doubt that":
I doubt that Fred has really lost 25 pounds.
If you want to express uncertainty, use "whether":
I doubt whether we will see the comet if the clouds don't clear soon.
"Doubt if" can be substituted for "doubt whether," though it's considered somewhat more casual, but don't use it when you mean "doubt that." (Common Errors in English Usage, 2013)

這本書的作者叫Paul Brians,是華盛頓州立大學英文系的榮休教授。他這本書很好找,在網上可以隨便下載,所以看過的人應該很多。留意他這可不只是一家之言,你還可在其他的書上找到類似的說法,例如The BBI Combinatory Dictionary of English : Your guide to collocations and grammar

其實整件事情應該這樣看。在英式英語中,當你想在肯定句中表達不確定或懷疑時,你可用連接詞whether,或者隨便點用if也可以。而that只能用於否定句中,意思是堅信某事會發生,這就是Fowler's Modern English Usage所說的standard construction。但在美式英語中,that被廣泛地應用在肯定句中,表示「不認為」,而這用法在現今的英式英語也很常見。英國學者Prof. Sidney GreenbaumJanet Whitcut就提到:

In positive sentences doubt (both verb and noun) and doubtful are correctly followed by whether or, less formally, by if ... In negative sentences, which deny that there is any uncertainty, doubt is followed by that or but that ... In American use, and increasingly in British, doubt that is also used in positive sentences, meaning 'think it unlikely ... In questions, doubt that and doubt whether are both available, according to the degree of likelihood. (Longman Guide to English Usage, 1989)

但是有很多英國人還是對這樣的用法有所保留,我很喜歡的一個英語學者Robert Allen在他的書中就指出:

Many people dislike the increasing use of a that-clause (or a clause with that omitted) after a use of doubt in the affirmative:
?  I doubt that she 'll do it before she's finished her exams.
?  The Prime Minister returned amid growing doubts that the treaty would ever become law in its present form.
?  He doubted it would make any difference.
This usage is widely regarded as an Americanism, but it is found in British English from the end of the 19th century and is now common.  Nonetheless, it remains controversial. (Common Errors and Problems in English, 2008)

不過話雖如此,當我跟另一個英國專家研究時,他卻認為Robert Allen所舉的例子用that並無問題,而且他還告訴我I doubt if其實有I don't think that的意思…是不是有點混亂?那我這話題就說到這裏了,讓大家自己去想想應採納那一種說法。不過,我有點奇怪劉家傑沒詳細解釋當中的原委,畢竟他是學習英式英語的。

轉入正題,諫官前幾天有這樣的一則解說:

Doubtful about 係表示一種懷疑,而 doubtful of 都係表示一種懷疑,不過除咗懷疑,亦都多咗一份恐懼。同埋 doubtful about 並冇講明時間,但 doubtful of 就係表示一種對將來嘅恐懼。

簡單嚟講,如果你對某件事嘅前境或將來冇信心,你都可以用 of,以下是幾個例子:

The coach is doubtful of the tactics.
The boss is doubtful of the marketing plan.
I am doubtful of the agreement.

有網友說此人所寫的東西大部份都抄自劉家傑的《英語一分鐘》節目,他沒說錯!諫官的做法固然反映了本身的學養水平,但更重要是它突顯此人的治學態度。偶像說什麼他都不假思索地照單全收,然後又如獲至寶的教給別人。我說過,劉家傑不是全無錯誤,但偏偏有些人囿於本身水平,以為偶像所說樣樣都是對的,並以之教人賺錢。

我們用上述的doubtful來做例子,看看這解說有些什麼問題。諫官或劉家傑無非是在說:

doubtful of表示担心將來,而doubtful about則表示懷疑現在!

但是否這樣呢?我們試從兩方面去分析。我翻了十多本書都沒發現兩者有些什麼不同,只從MWALD看到以下這例句:

e.g. They were doubtful about the benefits of the new system = They were doubtful of its benefits. (MWALD)

這裏說明了doubtful of 其實等如doubtful about,這是第一點。 諫官又說doubtful of有担心將來的意味,所以他的例子裡面都是一些跟將來有關的東西,如plantactics等!然而,我們卻可從下面的字典例句中找到反證:

e.g.  Many of us are still very doubtful about the value of these new educational strategies. (CALD)
e.g.  I was still very doubtful about the chances for success. (Cobuild)
e.g.  Rose was doubtful about the whole idea. (OALD)

上面的這些名詞如strategieschances for successidea,在目前都還沒知道成効,那我想問聲,為什麼不如諫官所教的用上of呢?

再看一例:

e.g.  Today's doctors, in contrast, are uncertain of their role and doubtful of their abilities and are viewed with increasing suspicion by the population. (ODE)

這裏的ability當然是指現在的能力,那為什麼又不像諫官所說的用上about,而是用了of呢?從以上二方面來看,doubtful of/about並沒有劉家傑所提到的分別。

有趣的是,所有的英式學習型字典都只給了doubtful about這句型,反而Oxford Dictionary of English的所有例句卻用上了doubtful of。所以我認為這兩個用法並非英美之別,而是可以互換使用,但當然一些細微分別還是有的,例如若說到懷疑某人,我會傾向用of

根據Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 6,在幾百年前doubtful確有驚恐的意思,但這用法現在已屬過時。另外說到英語用法的解說,我們應盡量避免以偏概全。記得幾年前,古德明曾經解釋過help sb do sthhelp sb to do sth的分別,當時頗惹爭議,我也為文分析過。古德明當年的說法其實是取材自一個詞典專家George Davidson的一本小書,此人也是MED的編輯之一。不過,他的說法顯然還未被學界所普遍接受,我相信今次doubtful of/about也屬於這類事例。所以我們做研究語言的人,不能一見有一個新的學說就奉為圭皋,而是要小心分析現今英語國家的語言運用習慣趨勢才能下定論。

看見這位小朋友只是抄人家的東西作為自己的教材,然後就可以寫專欄、教高層,賺些輕鬆錢,真的十分感慨。相對來說,我寫一篇文章,要不停翻書,不停上網,不停修改,快則五、六小時,慢則幾天,才能完稿,加上我眼睛不好,每次都寫得相當吃力。可惜看的人還是很少,而且懂欣賞的大多是台灣的朋友。其實我當初寫這網誌的定位是給一些香港的大學生或英語老師看的,但很不幸這些人的品味比較另類,他們喜歡看具知名度人仕的作品,無怪現今香港人的英語水平比三、四十年前退步了那麼多!

2016年1月30日 星期六

動詞doubt的用法分析


最近有網友問我一個英語專欄的分析,我不看右派報紙已久,不知出了這樣的一個專欄。作者說劉家傑是他的偶像,我一看,就覺得他的想法落了下乘!劉家傑的英文無疑是很不錯的,比古大師客觀和正統很多,但也不是全無瑕玼!我認為無論學什麼東西,都不能為自己先設一個門檻,這樣我們才能有機會看出別人的不足,青出於藍!

專欄作者取了唐太宗諫官的名字作其筆名,他在最近的一篇文章中提到:

商業機構的好幾位高層跟我學英語,不約而同搞錯以下三個字的意思,值得說明這三個字的多重用法。

第一個字是 doubt,即是懷疑。例如有個人遲到,你於是話:我懷疑佢會唔會嚟。如果用英文講,就係 I doubt whether he will come。記住記住,喺呢個情況,一定要用 whether 呢個字喺 doubt 嘅後面。如果你一個唔小心,講咗 I doubt that he will come,意思就係我覺得佢唔會嚟。簡單嚟講,I doubt whether 就等於 I am not sure,而 I doubt that 就等如 I dont think,兩者絕對有分別。

我的英語水平只是一般,不會有大公司的高層找我為他們補習,但我看見他的解說似乎跟自己所學有所出入。驟眼一看,作者寫得很簡單清楚,斬釘截鐵,但他所教的東西正確嗎?查一查著名的學習型字典如牛津、劍橋、朗文等,你會發覺在相關的詞條解釋下,這幾個連接詞基本上都是可用的。我不好說作者的說法是錯,但它也不完全算是對的!事實止,doubtdoubtful後面接什麼conjunction這個問題基本上可以分兩個層面來看。

首先,當我們要說對一些事物有所懷疑或不確定時,動詞doubt後面其實接whetherifthat都可以,這跟作者所說的截然不同。我們來看看Collins English Dictionary裡面的一段的usage note怎麼說:

USAGE  Where a clause follows doubt in a positive sentence, it was formerly considered correct to use whether ( I doubt whether he will come ), but now if and that are also acceptable.

簡言之,當你想表達不確定時,動詞doubt後面的clause可用whetherthatif接上,說明這三個連接詞是可以互換使用的。作者說只能用whether是不正確的,他很可能是受了一些古舊的語法書所影響。看到這裏,有人就會問,那這三個連接詞在意思上有分別嗎?答案是有的。美國大型字典American Heritage Dictionary每十年都會進行一次語法調查,而在2008的調查中他們發現:

When the expectation for the outcome is negative, that tends to be used. Some 86 percent of the Panel prefer that in the sentence I doubt [that/whether/if] it will rain tomorrow (where the expectation is that it probably won't rain), with whether getting the preference of only 6 percent and if getting 7 percent.

的意思是,當你說話帶有強烈的否定意味時,絕大部份的專家都傾向用that這個字,反而用whetherif的人加起來也不到20%,這表達了現今人們對這用法的偏好!但即便如此,我們也不能像專欄作者般說:當說話有否定的意思時,只能用that,用其他的conjunction都是錯的,畢竟這個調查還是以美國人為主的。相對而言,英國人怎樣用我不好說,但我不會教人whether和that分別代表兩種意思,而這也是唯一可接受的用法。

現在我們看看作者沒提到的第二個用法。

In negative statements, doubt is followed by that: I do not doubt that he is telling the truth. In such sentences, but ( I do not doubt but that he is telling the truth) is redundant. (Collins English Dictionary)

在否定句或rhetorical questions中,that是必然之選,例如:

e.g.  Still, I could not doubt that my vision had occurred, even though I had no way to verify it. (LDOCE)

e.g.  I didn't doubt for a second that she was telling the truth. (OALD)

在這裏I didn't doubt that等同於I was certain that,這用法有點像作者所說的第二種用法,但這必需是否定句式,而非他所言的肯定句,大家要留意這點。同樣地,在rhetorical questions(注意不是一般的查詢問題)中也會這樣用,例如:

e.g.  Do you doubt that you will be paid?

            ---> Surely you believe that you will be paid. (AHD)  

有關doubt的句型,在衆多的學習型字典中,解釋得最好的是Macmillan English Dictionary

1.  to think that something is probably not true or that it probably does not exist

           doubt (that) e.g. I don't doubt you're right, but I still disagree.

2.  to think that something is unlikely

           doubt (that) e.g. He promised to come but I doubt he will. 

           doubt whether/if e.g. I doubt very much whether we can change it now.

它清楚地並系統地解釋了這兩種甚至連老師都很容易搞亂的用法。說了那麼久,相信大家對doubt這個字已有一個重新的認識。現在我們用著名的Fowler's Modern English Usage的一番話來總結一下doubt這個動詞的二種用法:

doubt (verb)  I doubt whether he'll come and I doubt if he'll come are the standard constructions when doubt is used in the affirmative to mean 'think it unlikely' when doubt is used in the negative to mean 'think it likely', a that-clause is normal : I don't doubt that he'll come.  The logic behind this difference is that when doubt is in the affirmative it implies uncertainty in the following clause (which is consistent with use of whether or if), , whereas when it is used in the negative it implies probability in the following clause (which is more consistent with that).

這個作者教的英文雖然不算準確,而且很多都是老調重彈。但無論如何,這總比男神所教的那些不知所謂的東西要好很多,至少能啟發我們對英語運用的思考,我們有機會再談。

 

同場加映

男神最近幫人改寫英文,寫了以下這一句:

The Management has decided to suspend the sales of books ...

過了幾天,他又讚揚Daniel Redcliffe寫的訃文,以下是頭三句:

Alan Rickman is undoubtedly one of the greatest actors I will ever work with.

He is also, one of the loyalest and most supportive people I've ever met in the film industry.

He was so encouraging of me both on set and the years Post Potter.  

這些英文有些什麼問題,大家不妨自己研究一下!

2015年10月4日 星期日

scone的發音問題


我這個地盤荒廢很久,再不寫點東西,網友都快跑光了!最近「識少少、扮代表」的男神教人scone的正確讀法,他的見解大致是英式發音是sgone,而美式讀法則是scone (rhyme with conetone)。就他的說法,我想引用一個反證供大家參考!這是節錄自Oxford Dictionary of English

There are two possible pronunciations of the word scone: the first rhymes with gone and the second rhymes with tone. In US English the pronunciation rhyming with tone is more common. In British English the two pronunciations traditiqonally have different regional and class associations, with the first pronunciation associated with the north of England and the northern working class, while the second is associated with the south and the middle class.

這段文字其實出自2015年最新修訂的Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage ,這一版的修訂者是語言學家Jeremy Butterfield。上述註解跟男神所教的迴異,誰對誰錯,其實相當清楚!另外,我亦就此事求證過英國的詞典專家,他也是採用scone這個讀法的。

男神一向以一個educated British native自居,他教的讀法自然應是middle class English,但現在他教的讀音在英國卻是working class所用居多,原因何在?正如Butterfield引用Wells的調查說,65%的英國人讀成sgone,大部份的工人階級都讀成sgone,反而在首都倫敦的中產人仕會讀成scone。男神明顯是以偏概全,以為多人用的必定是標準,殊不知自己忽略了方言和社會階層的因素。其實無論教任何東西都應該是向學生展示可接受的選擇,至於相信或採用那一個,應由學生自行决定!

上面的例子帶出了一個重要信息,近廿年來香港的語文和教育水平日益低落,我認為跟這類英文老師不無關係!他所教的英文基本上毫無實用價值可言。看看他的FB,你會發現幾乎全是教人名發音,他不懂別的東西了嗎?例如grammarusage?嗯,我只能說他以前教過,但一教就錯,所以現在只教自己最熟的發音!

其實這類所謂補習名師的水平不濟是預期之內的,問題是為什麼這麼多香港人仍然像白內障般對他們趨之若鶩呢?原因很簡單,就是他們都信奉一個「真理」:有名氣便是好嘢!所以不單是一些學英文的普通人,甚至是一些大學教授,例如上篇網誌提到的那位仁兄,都以結交這類名師為樂!

完結這篇文章前我說一件往事。數年前當我失業的時候,有一個女人看了我的文章後找我,問我可不可以為她的孩子補習英文,我說可以。但在言談間當她知道我本身並非一位老師時,她立刻掛了線。為此我十分感慨,感慨的不是因為自己賺不到錢,而是因為有這類香港人。很明顯,她也是抱著英語教師的英文必定好,就懂教學生的心態。香港能一歩歩地走向滅亡之路,全賴這班傻人!