最近有位政府高官說了一句英文I think that is completely
rubbish,反响很大。這位高官的能力怎樣,明眼人都能看得出來。看他的表現,而仍能身居要職,其運氣之佳也是世所罕見,我認為這是研究命理學的絕佳例子。
言歸正傳,古德明看過那句英文後覺得是錯的,因為他認為在英文裡副詞不可以修飾名詞,正確的句式要麼就是「刑容詞+名詞」,要麼就是「副詞+刑容詞」,這是小學英文常識。他這評論在網上轉載的人很多,像在今天生果日報的副刊論壇中就有人提到。
然而,大猩猩對這問題卻有不同的見解。當我第一次聽到這句英文時,我也立刻有一個疑問:這是錯的嗎?但看了這麼多年英文後,直覺卻告訴自己這應該是對的。看到古德明的評語後,自己做了點功課,現在將我的見解寫出來和網友分享一下。
首先,我來問一問大家,副詞的作用是甚麼?正如古德明所說,這應該是小學英文常識,但我相信不單止中學生,就是很多大學生也不一定答得出來。傳統的語法書會說副詞是用來修飾動詞,形容詞和其他副詞的。這解釋了為什麼古德明,甚至現在很多grammarians,都仍然會認為副詞是不能用來修飾名詞的。
既然是這樣,那麼我們來看看以下這句子,裡面的副詞是修飾甚麼的呢:
The sauce is mostly cream. (Oxford, p. 997)
這句句子沒有形容詞,只有一個verb to be(is),一個冠詞(the),二個名詞(sauce & cream)和一個副詞(mostly)。很明顯mostly不是用來修飾is或the,那mostly便只能修飾二個名詞的其中之一個,而細心一看便會知道mostly是修飾cream,而不是sauce的。同樣的例子在英文字典裡可謂不勝枚舉:
Soccer is primarily a winter game. (Cambridge, p. 1125)
The hunger in parts of Africa is terrible – there is simply
no other words for it. (Cambridge, p., 1340)
She did absolutely no work. (Oxford, p. 5)
The problem is not primarily a financial one. (Oxford, p.
1203)
He has absolutely no experience of marketing. (Longman,
p. 6)
What we need is not simply a smaller organization, but a
more efficient one. (Longman, p. 1635)
It ‘s not simply a question of money. (Longman, p. 1635)
They have absolutely no idea how this happened.
(Macmillan, p. 6)
What I’m saying is purely my own point of view.
(Macmillan, p. 1204)
看到嗎,所有副詞的前後都是名詞或名詞子句。為什麼會這樣?是文法書錯了嗎?其實我們一般讀的初、中階文法書只集中於討論基本的文法,一些較少用的語法常識因而便往往為人所忽略。所以,「副詞只修飾動詞,形容詞和其他副詞」是一句over-generalized statement,情況就像「以a,e,i,o,u開頭的英文字,前面的冠詞應用an」這不完全正確的說法一樣。
另外,現在很少書會再如上述般這樣解釋副詞了。一些語言學家也趨向少用修飾(modify)這字,代之的是將副詞解釋為對句子中的動作,行為或狀態提供附加資訊的一種詞類。所以副詞不單可用作修飾verb,adjective和其他adverb,它還可用來修飾noun,noun phrase, numeral,determiner,pronoun,prepositional phrase,並有時作為句子的complement。Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage便對副詞下了這樣的一個定義:
”Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs,
verbals, phrases, clauses, and sentences. They probably even modify nouns on
occasion (Webster, p. 36).”
除此之外,Professor Geoffrey Leech et al. 在他們的著作Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English (2002) 中也提到:
“Adverbs can also modify noun phrases (or
parts of noun phrases), prepositional phrases, particles, numerals, or
measurements:
e.g. ‘It came as quite a surprise,’ said
one. (p. 206)”
但有些英文還不錯的人,總是抱著「副詞絕不能修飾名詞」這想法,但卻又見到很多外國人真的寫completely rubbish,於是便狗急跳牆,硬說副詞completely是用來修飾前面的 is (verb to be)的,妄圖自圓其說,這是名符其實的「讀死書」。其實想想都知道這說法是站不住腳的。試看看下面的例子:
I enjoy the company of young people, especially my
grandchildren. (Cobuild Grammar, p. 425)
In some communities, notably the inner cities, the
treatment has backfired. (Cobuild Grammar, p. 425)
在上述二例中連verb to be都沒有,你們不會又說especially和notably是用來修飾遠處的動詞enjoy和backfired吧?因為這絕對是狗屁不通的。再多看一些其他的例句:
He’s travelled widely, chiefly in Africa and Asia.
(Oxford, p. 252)
這裏副詞widely修飾前面的動詞travelled,你們不會認為另一個副詞chiefly也是修飾那動詞而非後面的phrase吧?
We talked about many things, work mainly.
(Longman, p. 1054)
同樣地,mainly很明顯是用來修飾前面的名詞work的,說它是修飾動詞talked是無論如何在位置或意思上都說不過去的。所以當要解釋一件事情時,我們應細心考慮和衡量自己所提供的理由是否言之成理,是否有任何漏洞予人駁斥之機會。這是很基本的常識啊!現在這題目中的副詞分明是在修飾後面的名詞,提供一種強調的資訊,若論者仍要立心找藉口詭辯,實在是愚不可及。
又有另一些人,偶然發現原來rubbish這字也可作形容詞用,立刻如獲至寶,說completely rubbish文法是正確的,因為現在副詞completely現在修飾的是形容詞,完全合乎文法規定。然而,當rubbish作形容詞時,是個英式非正式用法,解作「沒價值」或「沒用處」的,跟用者原本所要表達的「廢話」意思稍有不同。其實說到底,人們被這「副詞不能修飾名詞」的錯誤觀念害得夠深,而香港人也大多不願意用腦看書,只知盲目聽信那些所謂專家之言,在一些根本不存在的問題上大兜圈子,自尋煩惱!
又有另一些人,偶然發現原來rubbish這字也可作形容詞用,立刻如獲至寶,說completely rubbish文法是正確的,因為現在副詞completely現在修飾的是形容詞,完全合乎文法規定。然而,當rubbish作形容詞時,是個英式非正式用法,解作「沒價值」或「沒用處」的,跟用者原本所要表達的「廢話」意思稍有不同。其實說到底,人們被這「副詞不能修飾名詞」的錯誤觀念害得夠深,而香港人也大多不願意用腦看書,只知盲目聽信那些所謂專家之言,在一些根本不存在的問題上大兜圈子,自尋煩惱!
若要詳述副詞這課題,大可以寫一本小書,我這裏只述說一些跟今天網誌題目有關的。副詞分很多種,其中一種是程度副詞(adverb of degree)。而這類副詞的其中一個作用是強調句子中的某部份,像以上的mostly, absolutely, mainly,
primarily, simply等便是。這類副詞對附近的一些名詞或名詞子句提供了額外的資訊,Cobuild叫這類副詞或狀語做adverbials for focusing,即集中論述某些人或事,強調程度的不同。除了名詞或名詞子句外,這類副詞還可以接介系詞子句(prepositional phrases),例如:
I saw the letter purely by chance. (Oxford, p. 1233)
Green teas are mostly from China or Japan. (Longman, p.
1136)
Many tourists visit the region, generally for skiing.
(Longman, p. 1136)
He got together with her purely for business reasons.
(Macmillan, p. 1204)
There are branches of the shop all over the country,
chiefly in the south. (Macmillan, p. 247)
另外,這些副詞也可和連接詞because等字一起用,帶出後面的clause或phrase,用來解釋事情的主要原因,如:
I don’t go out much, mainly because I have to look after
the kids. (Longman, p. 1054)
Some students lose marks simply because they don’t read
the question properly. (Longman, p. 1635)
The majority said they work mostly because they need the
money. (Macmillan, p. 974)
Bone marrow transplants are a controversial procedure,
primarily because of the high costs involved. (Macmillan, p. 1176)
除了修飾個別詞組外,一些副詞也可以用來修飾整句句子,這類副詞叫sentence adverbs,例如:
We’ve had a very bad year financially. (Cobuild Grammar,
p. 422)
Basically, the older you get, the harder it becomes.
(Cobuild Grammar, p. 422)
正如上述,既然副詞也可以修飾名詞,那I think that is completely
rubbish便當然不能算是錯,至少在文法結構上可以這樣說。Completely雖然並不是 focusing adverb,但它跟absolutely,purely和simply一樣,都是emphasizing adverbs。這類強調性的副詞也是經常用來修飾後面的名詞或名詞子句的,其他的emphasizing adverbs 還有entirely,
really, totally, truly, quite, just, perfectly 等等(見Cobuild Grammar, p. 312)。相關例句如下:
It isn’t really a dictionary – it’s a sort of phrase
book. (Macmillan, p. 1235)
There’s really no need to worry. (Macmillan, p. 1235)
Mushrooms aren’t truly vegetables, but many people think
they are. (Cambridge, p. 1562)
I admit it was entirely my fault. (Cambridge, p. 469)
事實上,上網一查completely rubbish這說法還是挺多外國人用的,但更普遍的說法卻是totally rubbish。所以我自己的結論是,complete/total/utter/absolute rubbish當然是最正宗的寫法,但通俗一點寫completely/totally rubbish,我們也不能視之為錯。