事緣是這樣的:早幾天我在魚之樂網主的地盤留言,有網友回應時順便問了一個問題。他問suggest sb to do sth這寫法是不是錯的,我說是,後來我提出一個觀點,就是會不會是因為suggest是個及物動詞,所以後面不能接to-infinitive呢?基本上我說的只是個思考的方向,不一定對,但我認為有用的成果都是從思考求證得來的。但王教授不同意,他提出了一個反證,說advise也是及物動詞,但是寫advise sb to do sth卻沒有問題。我糾正了他,說advise也可以是intransitive verb。
王老師於是再舉一例,說urge是transitive verb,但同樣可以說urge sb to do sth,我一看覺得這倒是,便承認自己的推斷是錯的。但後來我卻在劍橋高階中發現原來這個字也可以是intransitive verb。王教授聽到後,又再舉一例,今次用的是demand這個動詞,他問這個動詞同時可以是transitive和intransitive verb,那為什麼我們不能寫demand sb to do sth呢*?
* demand後面是可以接to-infinitive的,例如demand to do sth,但動詞後能否直接再跟受詞這點我卻不肯定。
我沒再反駁他,因為雖然demand基本上也是一個transitive verb(說基本上是因為當subject是情況或事件時,demand是可作intransitive verb用的,見MED),但當我看見王教授在FB貼上一條連結時,在那裏我又看見另一個動詞insist,這是一個transitive 和intransitive verb,但我們卻不可以說insist sb to do sth (見Cobuild usage)。至此,我知道自己提出的那個理論是站不住腳的,所以當然不會再糾纏下去。
引言完畢,現在轉入正題。今早有空,我又看看王教授貼出來的那條連結,是BBC教英文文法的,裡面這樣寫著:
Suggest is one of those verbs of
advice that cannot be followed by the more usual pattern of object + infinitive but has to be
followed by a that-clause with should + infinitive or with past, present or subjunctive form
verbs. Insist, demand and recommend (among
others) also follow this pattern.
我見suggest,demand,insist都先後出場了,總不能少了recommend吧,於是便查查字典看看它是屬於那類動詞。噢,又是transitive verb,而CALD更有這樣的一段grammar note:
When recommend is followed directly by another verb, that verb cannot be
in the infinitive with 'to'. Do not say 'recommend
to do something', say recommend doing something:
e.g. I recommend to take an
umbrella in case it rains. (wrong)
e.g. I recommend taking an
umbrella in case it rains. (right)
驟眼看這說法跟BBC的解說是一樣的,但其實兩者是有輕微分別的,分別在那裏?
我們看看Cobuild Usage怎樣說:
You can also recommend someone to do something:
e.g. Although they have eight children, they do not recommend other couples to have
families of this size. (Cobuild Usage)
不單Cobuild Usage,其實很多字典都有recommend sb to do sth這句型:
e.g. Students are recommended to read the
following books. (MED)
e.g. We'd recommend you to book your flight early.
(OALD)
Oxford Dictionary of English的網上版有更多的相關例句:
1.2 [WITH OBJECT AND INFINITIVE]
Advise (someone) to do
something
'you are strongly recommended
to seek professional advice'
'I would strongly recommend
readers not to take his words too seriously!'
'On the other hand, I strongly
recommend anyone interested to give it a try.'
'We strongly recommend you
girls out there to treat yourself to something nice for Christmas.'
Robert Allen在其著作Oxford Pocket Fowler's Modern English Usage也提到:
In addition to its familiar
constructions with a direct object + to-infinitive (I recommend you to control your temper) and with a that-clause (We recommend that you stay at the local hotel),
recommend is one of a class of verbs ...
(pp. 534)
CALD和BBC兩個說法不同之處在於前者認為recommend不可以直接跟to-infinitive,但它沒說當後面有受詞時還可不可以跟to-infinitive。其實我們只要單看上面引述的大量例證,就知道BBC這次是明顯錯了。BBC這位作者Roger Woodham為什麼會犯這錯誤,我也說不清,因為這句式不像provide sth to sb那樣曾經惹起爭論。像Robert Allen所說,這是一個為人所熟悉的句型,而英語專家Michael Swan在其名著Practical English Usage和Cambridge的English Grammar Today都說明recommend是衆多可以用object + infinitive這種句式的其中一個動詞。但我相信跟BBC這位作者持相同意見的還是大有人在,至少朗文在其新出版的Longman Collocations Dictionary and Thesaurus就沒收錄這句型,這也是為什麼我認為LDOCE其實還有很大進步空間的,管理層現在放棄這本字典,殊為可惜。
很多人會認為市面上的英文文法書已經供過於求,其實不然。好的文法書,特別是有關句型(complementation)的,其實是絕對不會嫌多的;比較不同學者的觀點,你便可以得到一個持平客觀而真確的答案。另外,也想再提一次,學習,尤其是高層次做學問的,絕不應只看一、二本書便妄下結論,而是應該兼收並蓄,融會貫通,這樣你才能進步,否則只會像古大師一樣,坐井觀天,經常失笑人前還懵然不知!