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2019年2月9日 星期六

善用詞典


各位網友好,差不多一年沒寫網誌了,因為近年《英語指迷》主要在Facebook的不公開群組寫些短文和網友分享,所以你們看不到。不過遲些應該會有一個變動,因為大猩猩又下崗了,所以會有多些時間在家,到時也會在再找到工作前多寫一些長文章,但短文還是會留在Facebook,有興趣的可留意一下,今天先寫一篇短文練練手。

C博士最近在FB出了一個post,寫道:
Dictionaries still label 'download' as a transitive verb, e.g., 'to download a song/video'. The 'traditional' expression would be '...while Office is being downloaded.'

This is another example showing the increasing popularity of transitive verbs being used ergatively - "Please stay online while Office downloads." (An earlier example sent to me by a former student - Amazon: 'Your order will ship in 4 days.')

他這說法明顯是錯了,以我所知,市面上至少有三本學習型詞典將download歸類為ergative verb,即可同時作為transitive verbintransitive verb,它們是MWALDCALDMED。例句:
The software downloads quickly.  (MWALD)
The file will take only a few seconds to download. (Cambridge Business English Dictionary)
Wait until it's finished downloading. (MED)

而關於ship這個動詞,更加值得解釋一下。Ship作動詞時解用船運貨,是一個及物動詞,這個相信很多人都知道。但其實shipdownload一樣也可作不及物動詞,只是意思稍有不同。我們來看看Cambridge Business English Dictionaryship的解釋。除了最普遍的第一個關於航運的解釋外,它還有以下的陸運解釋。
[ I or T ] TRANSPORT, COMMERCE to send goods by air, train, or road, or to be sent in this way:
ship sth to sb/sth The company will ship purchases to any address within the US.
I asked the suppliers to ship us a replacement as soon as possible.
We don't currently ship outside the EU.
They assured me our order will be shipping tomorrow.
看見嗎?例三和例四便是不及物用法。當然,在現實世界中,這用法不限於陸運,說航運也可以。同樣地,我們也可以在MED找到相近的解釋:
[intransitive/transitive] to send goods to customers, or to be sent to customers, usually by air or land
Your order was shipped on July 10th by first class mail.
Version 4.0 should ship in a week or two.

美式詞典也有 :
Ship
a :to send (something) to a customer
[+ object]
  • The goods were shipped from a foreign port.
  • We shipped the items to you last week. = We shipped you the items last week.
 [no object]
  • Your order is expected to ship soon.
b :to send (a new product) to stores so that it can be bought by customers
[+ object]
  • The company will ship its new software next month.
 [no object]
  • The software will ship next month.

在這裏有一點可提出來討論一下。大家可見三本提到的詞典中,並沒有二本龍頭詞典〜OALDLDOCELDOCE沒有是正常的,因為它已近十年沒有作出大幅修訂,但OALD也沒有這個用法,的確較令人失望。但我們不要忘記OALD每年有二、三次的詞義更新,所以相信在不久的將來,OALD也會加入這個用法。相對來說,在衆多的學習型詞典中,CALDMED是其中最著重網上更新的,所以有收錄這額外的解釋並不出奇。至於MWALD,它有這個用法,並不是因為它資料多,而是這用法較像美式用法,所以MWALD才會有。其他類似的動詞還有savecloseimprove等

完結前,再說一說C博士的英文。下面這句是他寫的:
Please see if you could help for an article I'm writing
對他這個博士來說,這算是一個低級錯誤,動詞help後面的preposition應用with,不是for
The college now has a counsellor to help students with both personal and work problems. (CALD)

雖然詞典並不是萬能的,但它對你學習英文,特別是英語寫作,有很大的幫助。可惜現今的英語教育界嚴重低估了英語(學習型)詞典的重要性。而且,這些英文老師對如何運用英語詞典的認知不足,實有重學的必要。